Yearly Archives: 2024

Scale Theory

Did you know

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
(A) Helical and perforated pattern structure for force sensor tip with same dimensions (B) Schematic of the force measurement set up (1) Loadcell (2) Force gauges (3) Linear state (4) Motion controller (5) Interrogator (6) Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) force sensor. Helical Perforated (a) (b) Context 1 convert the forces applied to the force sensor along a specific direction into a displacement or strain that can be measured by a transducer. The mechanical properties, size, and shape of the flexures determine the sensitivity, accuracy, and directional response of the force sensor. The stiffness of the flexures, and therefore the amount of deflection, is determined based on the dimensions and material properties of the components. In the present study, two types of flexures, helical and perforated, were designed and fabricated, as shown in Figure 1 a. The stainless steel (SS) flexures have an outer diameter of 2 mm, inner diameter of 1.6 mm, and height of 4 mm. The only difference is the pattern used to make the flexures suitable for a force sensor. Context 2 Fiber Bragg grating force sensor was evaluated using a lab-developed force measurement setup, as shown in Figure 1 b. The FBG sensor was mounted to a linear motion stage controlled through a motion controller for precise motions of the FBG sensor tip, which was pressed to the loadcell to produce the required force. The loadcell was connected to a PC to acquire data through a force gauge. The three FBG optical fibers are connected to a three-channel optical sensing interrogator for recording the change in FBG wavelength. LabVIEW software was used to control the motion and acquire the FBG sensor force signal and applied force signal from the Force.
Scale Theory

laboratory weigh scale

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Laboratory Weighing Mass Comparators Manual Mass Comparators Mass Calibration from 0.1 µg up to 6,000 kg. A mass comparator is a balance that offers high resolution and exceptional repeatability, enabling it to be used to determine the smallest differences in mass. Mass comparators are perfect for calibrating and verifying masses and weights in mass metrology. Mass comparators are also ideal for any weighing application that requires highly accurate results. There are many types of mass comparators like Automatic Mass Comparator and Manual Mass Comparator. Advantage of Automatic Mass Comparator is High Accuracy with Low Uncertainty – the fully automated process avoids the need for interaction by the operator during the mass calibration process, providing a higher level of accuracy and lower uncertainty than manual mass comparison procedures.
Scale Theory

weigh house

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A weigh house or weighing house is a public building at or with in which goods were weighed. Most of these buildings were built before 1800, prior to the establishment of international standards for weights and were often large and representative structures, situated near the market square, town hall and prominent sacred buildings in town centre. Weigh house in Gouda (1668) As public control of the weight of goods was very important, they were run by local authorities who would also use them for the levying of taxes on goods transported through or sold within the city. Throughout most of Europe, this building was a multifunctional trade hall and would contain diverse functions related to trade and commerce. Weigh house in Gouda (1668) The weigh house had two functions: to determine the weight of a given item in addition to levying and collecting tax upon it. The first function, the need to precisely determine the weight of a commodity, was of particular importance in the pre-industrial period, where regional differences regarding the calculations of measures and weights existed and there were few large instruments for weighing available. The second function concerned with the need to control and regulate access to trade.In the 19th century, the public scale declined in importance due to the standardization of weights and measures in addition to the replacement of direct payment of duties by indirect methods of tax collection. Public scales most likely existed in ancient Egypt. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the right to levy tax based upon weight was a source of income which belonged to the rights of the sovereign, who could bestow it to a city or sell in perpetuity. As a rule, the right to levy taxes based upon the weight of merchandise was connected to the local market taxes as well as the provision of the staple right. The latter required travelling merchants to offer their goods for sale for a period of time when they passed through a city and also to have them weighed. Conversely, small settlements like villages were generally prohibited from maintaining public scales.
Scale Theory

vibrating weighing sensor

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Vibrating Weight Sensor: After there is a force on the elastic element, its natural vibration frequency is proportional to the square root of the applied force. By measuring the change in natural frequency, we can obtain the force of the measured object acting on the elastic element and then its mass can be obtained. There are two types of vibrating sensors: vibrating wire and tuning fork type. Electromagnetic Coll Sensor Cable Input Pulse Train Tensioned Wire Output Signal The elastic element of a vibrating wire sensor is a string wire. When the object is on the load-bearing platform, the intersection point of the V-shaped string is pulled down and the pulling force of the left string increases and the pulling force of the right string decreases. The inherent frequencies of the two strings change differently. If we calculate difference between the the two frequencies, We can obtain the mass of the object. The accuracy of the vibrating wire sensor is high, up to 1/1000- 1/10000, and the weighing range is 100 grams to several hundred kilograms, but this sensor has a complex structure, the processing is difficult and the cost is high.
Scale Theory

Digital Weighing Technology in the Food Industry

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Ensuring Fair Trade and Consumer Protection: Metrology is significant in trade and commerce as the guardian of fair transactions and consumer protection. It helps to ensure that measuring instruments utilized in commercial transactions are producing accurate readings. Not only does this prevent customers from being overcharged, but it also protects sellers from giving away more of a product than was purchased. Metrology is crucial in trade and commerce. It is a fundamental pillar of protection that provides transparency & validity to transactions. In many countries, regulatory bodies enforce laws that dictate the method used to and the frequency at which, measurement equipment must be calibrated to be used in commerce. These regulations apply to weighing scales, fuel pumps, electricity meters and other measuring instruments used in commercial transactions. These regulations require a licensed service provider to calibrate the measurement equipment utilizing traceable measurement standards. This service provider utilizes metrological tools & processes to perform the calibration and ensure the readings produced by the measurement device are within the range of tolerance, or the legally acceptable range of variation from the true value. Once this process is complete, the service provider labels the equipment as “legal-for-trade”. Through regular inspections, calibrations and verifications, metrology helps detect and prevent any attempts to manipulate measurements for unfair advantage. Doing so ensures that consumers receive what they pay for without falling victim to deceptive practices. In this way, metrology also contributes to the broader economy by promoting confidence, encouraging increased consumption and economic growth. Moreover, metrology is crucial in maintaining a level playing field for businesses. Establishing a standardized measurement framework fosters fair competition and prevents unscrupulous market practices. Companies can rely on metrology to uphold integrity in their transactions, knowing that their competitors are subject to the same rules and regulations. This encourages a healthy and competitive market environment, benefiting businesses and consumers. Metrology Technology
Scale Theory

Metrology

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
The word metrology is derived from the Greek word ‘metrologia’, which means measure. Metrology has existed in some form or other since ancient times. In the earliest forms of metrology, standards used were either arbitrary or subjective, which were set up by regional or local authorities, often based on practical measures like the length of an arm. It is pertinent to mention here the classic statement made by Lord Kelvin (1824- 1907), an eminent scientist, highlighting the importance of metrology: ‘When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge of it is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind. It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely in your thought advanced to the stage of science.’ Another scientist Galileo (1564-1642) has clearly formulated the comprehensive goal of metrology with the following statement: ‘Measure everything that is measurable and make measurable what is not so.’ Metrology is an indispensable part of the modern day infrastructure. In fact, it plays an important role in our lives, either directly or indirectly, in various ways. In this competitive world, economic success of most of the manufacturing industries critically depends on the quality and reliability of the products manufactured-requirements in which measurement plays a key role. It has become increasingly essential to conform to the written standards and specifications and mutual recognition of measurements and tests, to trade in national and international markets. This can be achieved by the proper application of measurement methods that enhance the quality of products and the productive power of plants. Metrology not only deals with the establishment, reproduction, protection, maintenance, and transfer or conversion of units of measurements and their standards, but is also concerned with the correctness of measurement. In addition to encompassing different industrial sectors, it also plays a vital role in establishing standards in different fields that affect human beings, such as health sciences, safety, and environment. Hence, one of the major functions of metrology is to establish international standards for measurements used by all the countries in the world in both science and industry. Modern manufacturing technology is based on precise reliable dimensional measurements.
Scale Theory

Radio Frequency

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
Complete range of weighing systems can be hooked up with the facility of RFID reader. The RFID Weighing scales is a scale with RFID reader and data logger inbuilt into the system. When a commodity is placed, RFID weighing scales and a RFID card is brought near the reader, the system stores the RFID card information along with weight data onto the connected pen drive or Micro SD card. This pen drive or Micro SD card can be removed and connected to any device and the data can be transferred to the computer system. 100m RFID waterproof indicator loadcell explosion-proof wireless weighing The system is equipped with a RFID card reader and the data logger connected to USB Pen Drive or the system can directly be connected to the Computer system for sending the data to computer. When the weight is kept on the system and RFID card is brought near the reader area, the reader reads the card data and sends the current weight and RFID data to the Pen Drive for logging or Computer system. The system can also be made bluetooth enabled where the RFID and weight data is sent to the Smartphone over bluetooth connection and the data is stored, logged or processed by the smartphone app and the possibilities are endless. The weighbridge indicators also come with RFID readers. These are particularly useful in operatorless weighbridges.
Here, the information of the vehicle along with the driver and commodity is stored in the RFID card. When the truck comes on the weighbridge, the drives goes to the terminal and flashes the card near RFID reader and the system stores the information of RFID Card, weight, date, time and even the picture of the truck on weighbridge if required. The data of RFID card and weight can be transmitted to a remote location through wireless or SMS.
Scale Theory

Uncertainty

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
Lithium Ion Batteries The ever-increasing market for portable electronic devices, together with the increasing pace of the electric vehicle revolution, has resulted in an equally large demand for rechargeable batteries. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are state- of- the art in this technology. This battery type exhibits high energy density as it is light yet powerful, good cycle durability as it can be charged and recharged without losing much energy each cycle and a low self-discharge rate.
Lithium-ion Cell
Electrolyte
Carment CaBactor
Anode
17V Rechargeable Lithium ion Connector PICH & Wires & 0200 The lithium ion battery diagram illustrates the working principle of a lithium ion battery.
LIBs store energy that is released by an electrochemical reaction between the anode and the cathode material.
Both cathode and anode contain positively charged lithium ions.
Cament Collector Cathode During discharge, the oxidation reaction at the anode releases electrons and lithium cations. The electrons flow through an external wire to the cathode. To close the electric circuit, lithium cations flow through the liquid electrolyte and the separator to the cathode, where they recombine in a reduction reaction. During charging, the reactions at the electrodes are reversed and the lithium ions flow in the opposite direction. The lithium ions do not partake in the overall electro chemical reaction and remain in their oxidation state. The benefits of lithium ion batteries:
High energy density, When it comes to energy density, lithium ion batteries are top performers…. Lightweight…. Long lifespan…. Good long-term performance…. Temperature tolerant…. Low self-discharge. Fast charge times. Customisable technology.
Scale Theory

automatic weighing scale

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
EURAMET has published calibration guidelines for automatic weighing instruments:
EURAMET’s calibration guidelines provide guidance to help harmonise calibrations across the European metrology community, covering procedures across a range of areas, from mass and hardness to electricity and magnetism. This guide provides a consistent approach to improve mass measurements. Automatic catchweighing instruments (or “catchweighers”) are a type of automatic weighing instrument (AWI) used to quickly determine the mass of individual items, such as packages, without the intervention of a human operator. As the standard EN ISO 9001 lays out calibration requirements for measuring instruments, guidelines in this area are needed to help industry users become compliant with the standard.
As part of its work developing methods for AWIs, completed EMPIR project “Traceable calibration of automatic weighing instruments operating in the dynamic mode” (AWICal, 14RPT02) produced a draft version of Calibration Guideline No. 26. This draft was then finalised as a EURAMET calibration guide by the EURAMET Technical Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (TC-M). The guide covers key aspects for the calibration process including determining test load reference values, evaluating uncertainty and the contents of the associated calibration certificate and is applicable to both dynamic and static (“start-stop”) weighing systems. “The guide is the first internationally harmonised document for the calibration of automatic catchweighing instruments,” says Matej Grum (MIRS), coordinator of the AWICal project, “It represents excellent basis for accreditation of calibration services in this field. Metrologically traceable results of calibration will enable users, such as food and pharmaceutical manufacturers, to improve the quality of their production and easily meet customers’ demands.”
Scale Theory

collaborating weighing scale

By June 3, 2024 0 Comments
Calibrating weighing scales/instruments
1. Preparations before calibration:
Before you can start the calibration of the weighing instrument, you should clarify a few things and get prepared. You should find out the technical characteristics of the weighing instrument (max weight, d value), the accuracy requirement (max error allowed and uncertainty) and what to do if the calibration fails (adjustment). Typically, the whole measurement range is calibrated and the calibration is performed in the location where the instrument is being used. Make sure you have enough weights for the calibration procedure available. The weighing instrument should be switched on atleast 30 minutes before the calibration. The temperature of the weights should be stabilized to the same temperature where the calibration is to be done. The weighing instrument should be at a horizontal level, especially for small and accurate weighing instruments. Perform a few pre-tests by placing weights close to the maximum of the range on the instrument and to ensure it works normally. In case the weighing instrument fails in calibration and it is adjusted, you should make an “as found” calibration before adjustment and an “as left” calibration after adjustment.
2. Eccentricity Test:
In normal use of a weighing instrument, the load is not always placed perfectly on the center of the load receptor. Sometimes the results of a weighing instrument can vary slightly depending on if the load is placed in different locations on the load receptor. In order to test how much effect the location of the load has, the eccentricity test is performed. In the eccentricity d bd test, the reference load is placed in a few different specified locations on the load receptor. First, the load is placed in the center of the load receptor (the load’s center of gravity) and the result is observed. Next, the load is placed in four different sectors of the load receptor, as illustrated in the picture which is for rectangular and round load receptors, but naturally, in practice, there are many different shapes of load receptors and the location of the load will vary. Standards OIML R76 and EN 45501 will give guidance for different load receptor shapes. The calibration procedure should specify where to place the load during the test and calibration results (in certificate format) should also document the locations. The test load used in an eccentricity test should be atleast one-third (1/3) of the max load of the weighing instrument. The test should preferably be done using just one test load, if possible. That way it is easier to be sure that the load’s center of gravity is in the specified location. For a weighing instrument with multiple ranges, the eccentricity test should be done with the highest range. As the aim of the eccentricity test is to find out the difference caused by the location of the load, it is not necessary to have an accurate calibrated load. It is naturally important to use the same load throughout the test. If the eccentricity test is used also to determine the errors of the indication, then a calibrated load should be used.
3. Procedure for the Eccentricity Test:
The indication is zeroed before the test. The test load is placed to location 1 and indication is recorded. The test load is then moved to locations 2 to 5 and indication is recorded in each location. Finally, the test load is placed again to location 1 to check that the indication has not drifted from the earlier indication in location
1. The zero may be checked between each location to see that it has not changed. If necessary, the instrument can be zeroed in between each test.
Alternatively, you may also tare the instrument when the load is in location number 1, as this makes it easier to see any difference between locations

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